House Of Stuart

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{{Royal house|| surname = House of Stuart| estate = Scotland, England and Great Britain| coat of arms = | parent house = Clan Stuart| titles = [High Steward of Scotland, Earl of Lennox, Duke of Aubigny, Earl of Moray, Marquess of Bute, King of Scots, King of England, King of Great Britain| final ruler = [Anne of Great Britain [Jacobite succession is Franz, Duke of Bavaria, a member of the House of Wittelsbach. The cadet branches of Marquess of Bute, Earl of Moray and Clan Stewart of Appin are headed by the John Crichton-Stuart, 7th Marquess of Bute, the Earl of Moray and the Clan Stewart of Appin#The_Chief respectively.| founding year = 1371| nationality = [Scottish people| cadet branches =Clan Stuart of Appin
Marquess of Bute
Earl of Moray
Stewart of Darnley
-->

The House of Stuart or Stewart was a royal house of the Kingdom of Scotland, later also of the Kingdom of England, and finally of the Kingdom of Great Britain. Mary Queen of Scots adopted the French language spelling Stuart while in France to ensure that the Scots Language Stewart was pronounced correctly. The name itself originates from the ancient hereditary Scottish title High Stewards of Scotland.

The House of Stuart ruled the Kingdom of Scotland for 336 years, between 1371 and 1707. Elizabeth I of England of Kingdom of England's closest heir was James I of England via her grandfather King Henry VII of England, who was founder of the Tudor dynasty. James Stuart also ascended the thrones of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Ireland, providing the head of all three Home Nations (inheriting English claims to the French throne) between 1603 and 1707. During this latter period, the Stuarts styled themselves Union of the Crowns, though there was no Parliament of Great Britain until the reign of Anne of Great Britain, the last monarch of the House of Stuart. The Stuarts were followed by the House of Hanover, who were dynastically important from a Act of Settlement 1701, especially in the cause of uniting United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Members of various Cadet branch and Illegitimacy branches still survive today, the original Clan Stuart still extant.

History The earliest known member of the House of Stewart was Flaald I (Flaald the Seneschal), an 11th century Breton follower of the Lord of Dol-de-Bretagne and Combourg. Flaald and his immediate descendants held the hereditary and honorary post of Dapifer (food bearer) in the Lord of Dol's household. His grandson Flaald II was a supporter of Henry I of England and made the crucial move from Brittany to Great Britain, which was where the future fortunes of the Stewarts lay (including an evolving, longstanding tradition of intermarriage with the (de) Ferrer noble family, originally from Normandy). Walter the Steward (died 1177), the grandson of Flaald II, was born in Oswestry (Shropshire). Along with his brother William, ancestor of the Fitzalan family (the Earl of Arundel), he supported Empress Matilda during the period known as the Anarchy. Matilda was aided by her uncle, David I of Scotland, and Walter followed David north in 1141, after Matilda had been usurped by Stephen of England. Walter was granted land in Renfrewshire and the position of Lord High Steward. Malcolm IV of Scotland made the position hereditary and it was inherited by Walter's son, who took the surname Stewart. The sixth High Steward of Scotland, Walter Stewart (1293-1326), married Marjorie Bruce, daughter of Robert the Bruce, and also played an important part in the Battle of Bannockburn currying further favour. Their son Robert II of Scotland was heir to the House of Bruce; he eventually inherited the Scottish throne when his uncle David II of Scotland died childless in 1371.

In 1503, James IV of Scotland attempted to secure peace with Kingdom of England by marrying Henry VII of England's daughter, Margaret Tudor. The birth of their son, later James V of Scotland, brought the House of Stewart into the line of descent of the House of Tudor, and the English throne. Margaret Tudor later married Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus, and their daughter, Margaret Douglas, was the mother of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley. In 1565, Darnley married his half-cousin Mary I of Scotland, the daughter of James V of Scotland. Darnley's father was Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox, a member of the Stewart of Darnley branch of the House. Lennox was a direct descendant of Alexander Stewart, 4th High Steward of Scotland, also descended from James II of Scotland, being Mary's heir presumptive. Therefore Darnley was also related to Mary on his father's side and at the time of their marriage was himself second in line to the Scottish throne. Because of this connection, Mary's heirs remained part of the House of Stewart. Because of the long French residence at Aubigny-sur-Nère, held by Darnley's branch in the Auld Alliance, the surname was altered to Stuart. In feudal and dynastic terms, the Scottish reliance on French support was revived during the reign of Charles II of England, who had an illegitimate son by Louise de Kérouaille, Duchess of Portsmouth. This descent received the main Stuart appanages of Duke of Lennox and Duke of Aubigny, as well as the main Tudor appanage of Duke of Richmond. In such a way, the Treaty of Perpetual Peace in addition to the Auld Alliance, was symbolically represented among the nobility as it had been in the British Royal Family itself.

French connections were notoriously unpopular and resulted in the downfall of the Stuarts, whose mutual enemies identified with the emergent Protestant Germanic nationalism and urban mercantilism as opposed to Catholic Romance feudalism and rural manorialism. The Wars of the Three Kingdoms and War of the Grand Alliance eventually drove the family into the heart of the British Isles underground, becoming ironic symbols of conservatism Radicalism (historical) and Romanticism. Prominent Stuart descendents Jacobitism, but only succeeded so long as they did it on the terms of House of Hanover and were not in succession to the throne. Charles Lennox, 3rd Duke of Richmond and Charles James Fox subverted the will of the reigning monarch George III of the United Kingdom in favor of the Patriot (American Revolution). In this fashion, the old Stuart Tory became liberal and identified with the Declaration of Indulgence which James II of England had proposed in religious and social terms. Due to the identification of the Roman Catholic Church with the Stuarts, Catholic Emancipation was not passed until Jacobitism (as represented by direct Stuart heirs) was extinguished and Visit of King George IV to Scotland, for his own dynasty's success throughout Great Britain. Despite the British Whig Party intentions of tolerance to be extended for Kingdom of Ireland, this was not the Saxe-Coburg and Gotha of Georgian Tories and their failure at compromise played a subsequent role in the present division of Ireland. Problems in Northern Ireland dating back to the Stuart Plantation of Ulster, involved a switch to the less Teutonic House of Windsor which included the Edward VIII abdication crisis and proved influential in rejecting the Imperial Federation for a decolonization Commonwealth of Nations.

Heads of the House of Stewart Dapifers of Dol

Flaithri I (died c.1080)
Alan I (died ?)
Alan II (died 1095)
Flaithri II (died c.1101-1102)
Alan III (died c.1121)

High Stewards of Scotland

Walter the Steward, 1st High Steward of Scotland (died 1177)
Alan Stewart, 2nd High Steward of Scotland (died 1204)
Walter Stewart, 3rd High Steward of Scotland (died 1246)
Alexander Stewart, 4th High Steward of Scotland (died 1283)
James Stewart, 5th High Steward of Scotland (died 1309)
Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland (died 1326)
Robert Stewart, 7th High Steward of Scotland (became Robert II of Scotland)

Rulers of the Scots

Robert II of Scotland (1371-1390)
Robert III of Scotland (1390-1406)
James I of Scotland (1406-1437)
James II of Scotland (1437-1460)
James III of Scotland (1460-1488)
James IV of Scotland (1488-1513)
James V of Scotland (1513-1542)
Mary I of Scotland (1542-1567)
James I of England (1567-1625)

Rulers of Great Britain, France and Ireland List of british monarchs#Complications over title and style

James I of England (1603-1625) - Jacobean era Age
Charles I of England and Scotland (1625-1649) - Carolean Age
During the period between Charles I and Charles II, England was a Republican Commonwealth of England, and then a The Protectorate under Oliver Cromwell and Richard Cromwell. This period of 11 years is known as the English Interregnum.
Charles II of England and Scotland (1660-1685) - English Restoration Age
James II of England (1685-1688) (continued to claim the English and Scottish thrones after his deposition in 1688 until his death in 1701)
Mary II of England (1689-1694) - with William III of England and II of Scotland, of the House of Orange-Nassau, a descendant of Charles I of England
Anne of Great Britain (1702-1714) - Augustan Age

Jacobite Claimants

James Francis Edward Stuart (called the "Old Pretender" by his detractors, and "the King Across the Water" by his supporters) claimed throne as James VIII of Scotland and III of England, (1701-1766)
Charles Edward Stuart (called the Young Pretender by the English), claimed throne as Charles III, known to the Scots as Bonnie Prince Charlie, (1766-1788)
Henry Benedict Stuart, claimed throne as Henry IX (1788-1807)